Low-bandwidth reflex-based control for lower power walking: 65 km on a single battery charge
(33 pages on the pre-print version, 12 MB)
Pranav Bhounsule, Jason Cortell, Anoop Grewal, Bram Hendriksen, J.
G. Daniël Karssen, Chandana Paul, Andy
Ruina
International Journal of Robotics Research, vol.33 no.10, 1305-1321, 2014. DOI: 10.1177/0278364914527485. http://ijr.sagepub.com/content/33/10/1305.refs.html
Supplementary information (appendices) for the paper above (70 pages, 19 MB)
The conference
version of this paper won the CLAWAR best
paper in biologically inspired Robotics prize.
All of the documentation below (over 100 downloadable files) was generated as student reports for credit or to document our work for lab purposes. We present it here for those who want to know more about one or another detail about the design of the mechanical hardware, the electronics or the control software on Ranger. For example, all of the onboard code is accessible here. You can use any of it for any purpose. But ...
Two things:
1) USE AT YOUR OWN RISK, nothing here is warranteed in any way, and
2) PLEASE GIVE CREDIT for any use you make of any idea, data, document or image you use (to the Cornell Ranger project, and to the author(s)).
The first Ranger, 2006. The first version of Ranger was largely designed and built by Daniël Karssen and Jason Cortell in the fall of 2006, with the help of others. This robot walked 1 km. Here are two general reports about this design.
Daniël Karssen report, January 2007. (1.1 MB) Daniël visited Cornell from Delft in fall 2006.
Jason Cortell poster (0.2 MB) presented at Dynamic walking 2007 in Mariehamn Finland.The first overhaul was largely overseen by Bram Hendriksen in the fall of 2007. This design walked 5 miles.
Hendriksen report, 2008. Project report for Bram's visit from Delft to Cornell.
Jason Cortell DW08 slides in pdf (0.6 MB) for a talk given at Dynamic Walking 2008 in Delft (missing some slides).
Jason Cortell IthacaHS slides in pdf (0.9 MB) for a talk given to Ithaca High School in 2008
Later overhauls leading to the 65 km walk are documented component by component (below), or in the journal paper and appendix above and Pranav's thesis below.
Pranav Bhounsule PhD thesis 2012 (2.4 MB) and a robot walking simulator (1.1 MB) (The thesis is mostly a subset of the paper and appendices above, but has more material on a few topics).
The best summary of hte overall initial design is the 2006 Karssen report above. The best summary of the final design is in the appendices for the paper above.
Hardware design drawings for Ranger 2006.
CAD drawings. zipped pdf files (16.5 MB .idw files)
Autodesk Inventor files (all the ipt files): (215 MB)
OR dowload individual ipt files below:
Ankle (2.1 MB),
Ankle encoder housing (1.9 MB),
Battery mount (1.2 MB),
Inner box (1.7 MB), Outer box (2.3 MB)
Outer feet differential steering (1.1 MB) (this was later replaced by inner leg twist steering in 2010),
Legs (0.5 MB),
Motor stuff (1.4 MB),
Pulleys (0.4 MB),
Top Bar (0.8 MB)
Screws, springs, bracket, clamp, bearing, etc (3.4 MB)
Motor bench test setup, Carlos Arango 2007 (0.5 MB pdf). This setup was subsequently used to identify a motor model reported in the main paper above.
Discovery of non-ideal aspects of motors, Jason Cortell 2010 Our high-end DC motors are variable inductance and non-constant resistance.
Hip spring design, James Doehring 2007 (1.2 MB) Used on Ranger v2008, v2010, v2011.Ankle, Crossbar and foot contact switch, Alexander Gates 2006. Used on all versions of Ranger.
Steering by twisting, Andrew Nassau 2009 (12 MB) This steering was used on Ranger v2010, v2011.
Hip optical encoder, Tan Yingyi 2007 (2.2 MB) Used on Ranger v2008, v2010, v2011.
Dynamic balance of legs, Rohit Hippalgaonkar 2007 (0.7 MB) A similar procedure was followed everytime the mass distribution of the robot changed (due say to adding more batteries)
Shoulder pads, antenna and battery mounts, Jon Kuriloff 2011 Used onRanger v2011.
Differential steerting, Yingyi Tan 2007 (2.9 MB). Used in v2008. Not used on v2010, v2011(see inner legs twis, above).
Main Brain board design, Ko Ihara 2006, This board was replaced after 2006.
Electronics board design procedure and standards WWW page (Cortell and McAdams) 2010-2011. Written for people using our boards or designing similar boards. Also,
Using Eagle libraries for board design I, Emily McAdams 2009 (0.5 MB)
Using Eagle libraries for board design II, Emily McAdams 2009(3.6MB)Wiring diagram, Robot Nervous System (RNS) (Carlos Arango and Jason Cortell 2010-2011). Two ways to display this:
excel table of connections,
ppt diagram of connections
EAGLE libraries zipped (1 MB).
Electronics boards zipped (11 MB).
Electronics modules zipped (22 MB).
LPC2XXX modules zipped (2.2 MB).
LPC3XXX modules zipped (0.6 MB).
CAN bus and H-bridge thermal testing, Seong-Hee Lee, 2008
Main brain design and bluetooth module, Jehhal Liu 2009 Used on Ranger v2010, v2011.
Module testing of RC and bluetooth modules, Emily McAdams, 2009
Lithium ion Battery charging/discharging tests, G. Michael Barrameda 2009
Electronics noise reports, Nicole Rodia, 2008: pdf1 pdf2 pdf3
D to A conversion module design, Nicle Rodia, 2009.
Complete code on Ranger v2008 to set 5 mi record (1.6 MB)
Modular
C code for the main brain, Avtar Khalsa 2008. Used
in v2008.
Floating point calculation library report by Andrew Mui 2007 (about 0.1 MB). Used in v2006 and v2008.
ARM7 code on Ranger v2010 and v2011
Code documentation, Nicolas Willimson 2010 (webpages)
Inner feet motor controller + related sensors code (< 0.1MB)
Outer feet motor controller + related sensors code (< 0.1MB)
Hip motor controller + related sensors code (about 0.1MB)
Inner steering motor controller + related sensor code (< 0.1MB)
Outer steering motor controller + related sensor code (< 0.1MB) (Not used for v2010 and v2011)
UI board code (< 0.1MB)
CAN router code (<0.1 MB)Programming the ARM7 (satellite) processors for CAN bus, Thomas Craig 2010. Used in v2010 and v2011.
Code on ARM9 (main) processors (about 0.2 MB) Used in v2010 and v2011. NOTE: Does not include control code (below) nor the estimation code (below) and C header file (for CAN communications)
Estimation code on ARM9 (main) processor (<0.1 MB) and a report by Anoop Grewal, 2012 (<1 MB) Used in v2010 and v2011
Walk controller code on ARM 9 (main brain) on Ranger v2010 to set 14.3 mi record (<0.1 MB) Used in v2010
Walk controller code on ARM9 (main brain) on Ranger v2011 for 40.5 mi record (0.1 MB). Used in v2011
Controlling the UI board from ARM9 (main brain), Nan Xiao 2010 (0.1 MB). Used in v2010, v2011.
Controller the inner leg twist steering, Andrew Nassau, 2010 (0.1 MB) Used in v2010.
(VIDEO) Ranger starts walking from splayed configuration (40 MB) and related Report by Stephanie Schneider, 2012.
A labVIEW program to load parameters to the robot, download sensors variables, check errors as the robot is walking or doing something.
Report
by Andre Harrison, 2006 (3 MB) Used in v2006, v2008
AND
Report
by John Buzzi, 2010 (1.4 MB) LabVIEW
files (4MB) Used in v2010, v2011.
A MATLAB
program for post-processing robot data collected from the labVIEW
program above.
Report
by Leticia Camargo 2009 (2.3 MB) MATLAB files
are here (60 MB). Used in v2008 AND
Report
by Satyam Saryarthi 2010 (about 1 MB) MATLAB
files are here (about 1 MB). Used in v2010 and v2011.
These are all ideas that were toyed with, but not implemented.
Ideas for developing a finite state machine for high level control are
here. A similar version was used in v2010,v2011
Presentation
on Robot control, Kevin Tang 2010
Presentation
on Robot control API, Kevin Tang 2010
Simulating
the simplest walker using Altair HyperCAD Rohit Hippalgaonkar 2008
(0.4 MB)
Altair
HyperCAD code for simplest walker Rohit Hippalgaonkar 2009
(0.1 MB)
Simulation study to find
optimal way to control a dc motor. Andrew
Spielberg report 2006 (0.2 MB)
Simulations of ranger and simplest walker Josh
Peterson Simulations HowTo webpages
A
controller that would enable the robot to catch itself and not fall
down, Megan Berry 2007
Ranger
balance on one leg Matt Haberland 2008
Experimental
verification of a PID control on a robot jointKo Ihara PID_control_2005
(about 0.3 MB)
An
introduction to Kalman Filter Anoop Grewal 2011
A
study on setting up a modular network control architecture on the
robot, Hsiang Lee 2007 (2 MB).
Study
on using proximity sensors on foot to detect time to heel-strike, Avtar
Khalsa 2007 (2
MB) and a presentation
(0.8
MB)
Implementing
I2C protocol on our micro-controller to use color sensors, Michael
Digman 2011
We hoped
to use the color sensors to sense the
walking track to do automating
steering.
Color Sensor box (198 MB) (not used on Ranger)
Hardware mounts for placing the color sensors, Jon Kurioff 2011 (2.8 MB)
ARM9 (Main brain) Color sensor code (<0.1 MB). This code was intended to be used to use color sensors to do provide information for auto steering on the robot v2011. But was not used.
Using
XBeePro wireless communication - a feasibility study, Andrew Mui
(0.3
MB) and a presentation
(0.2
MB)
Ranger
2006 h-bridge testing.
Using
multiple microprocessors architecture for modular electronics design,
Hsiang Lee 2008 (3MB).
Controlling
a brushless dc motor, Brian Clementi 2010 (2.2 MB)
Brushed and brushless motors test
and optimization, Violeta Crow 2011: version, version2
and data
files (5.6 MB)
A comparizon of various motors
and criteria for selecting them for building robots, Dapoon Boon Long
2009: version1
and version2
Clutch
Brake design, Matt Haberland 2006 (0.5 MB)
Load
cell design for ranger, Pulkit Kapur 2009 (3.9 MB)
Marathon Walking Robot (MWR)
This robot was finally put together in 2005. This machine did eventually walk 100s of steps. It was the prototype for some of the design concepts used in Ranger. Here are some student reports about this robot.
Coryea_Matt_MWB_Foot_Design_Fall_Protection_2006
Haberland_Matt_Control_of_the_MWB_Robot_2005
Harrison_Andre_Remote_Data_Acquisition_MWB_2006
Marathon_Walking_Bot_Microcontroller_Control_System_Design_2005
Tosto_Michael_MWB_Control_2005
Tosto_Mike_MWB_2005
Tosto_Mike_MWB_2006_ppt
Webb_Justin_Marathon_Walker_Control_2006
FE "MECH" Walking Robot
This was a student team that had great ambitions for building a robot that a person could drive. No part of this project got very far. But the reports are here for posterity.
Cheng_Chris_FE_Mechnical_2005
Cheng_Chris_FE_Shock_Absorbing_Foot_2005
Dudasik_Chris_Fe_Robot_Electrical_Report_2006
Kimes_Ashley_FE_Robot_Modeling_Using_Maple_2005
Schvey_Jeff_FE_sensor_design_2005
Weyer_Elianna_Testing_the_Fe_Walking_Robot_2006
"RC Servo" Biped project
Student projects investigating balance possibilities for a commerically available electric biped robot.
Bagg_Steve_RC_Biped_Report_2007
Wong_Denise_RC_Biped_Appendix_2007
Wong_Denise_RC_BIPED_REPORT_2007